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HOW TO COMPOST
An Overview
Getting Started
Making Decisions
Systems (Methods)
Making Compost
What a Good Pile Needs
What You Need
Extras & Additives
What to Use - or Not!
Building the Pile
Maintenance
When is it Finished?
Troubleshooting
Outdoor Digesters
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Indoor Methods
Vermicomposting (Worms)
Bokashi
Using Compost
Just Do It
Composting Science
Physics
Chemistry
Biology
Soil Science
More Than Just Dirt
Garden Soil
Myth Busting
Environmental Issues
Garbage Gripes
Water & Soil Remediation
Nutrient Pollution
Harmful Chemicals
A Few Concerns
Pathogens
Pesticides
Heavy Metals
What You Can Do
Additional Resources

Selecting A Composting System

Outdoor

Piles/ Heaps
Commercial Composting

These are the most common, most familiar composting systems around. They're what most people mean when they say they have compost. Most people use bins, though some (usually those with plenty of space and not too many raccoons in the vicinity) just pile everything up into a great heap on the ground.

If you go with a bin, the biggest choices are how many compartments you want your bin to have, what material you prefer, and whether you want to buy or build it.

One-bin systems, which can either permanent or moveable, have at least two things going for them: they're simple and they don't take up much space. With permanent ones, people usually toss stuff on top and pull compost out from underneath without bothering to turn it. (Certain types of bin make this easier.) Moveable bins are built light, so when it's time to turn the pile, you can just lift it up, set it down beside the pile, and fork the pile back in, bottom to top.

Multi-chamber bins make it possible to have several piles going, at different stages. This can be an advantage whether you're going for cool or for hot composting.

Buried Compost
In spite of the emphasis on aeration, it is indeed possible to compost underground. These methods have the distinct advantage of being virtually invisible. For example, trench composting involves burying compost in a long trench right in the garden, then planting on top of it. Since composting microbes require nitrogen, which is unavailable to plants for as long as the microbes are using it, some prefer to let the trench sit for a year before planting over it.

Other underground methods include composting in underground bins, or simply building the heap in a large hole. These methods keep the composting process largely out of sight, and they can make maintenance easier for some.

On-Site Garden Piles
Material can be composted in the garden itself in several ways: by building a traditional pile, either hot or cold (In-Situ Garden Piles), spreading it over the plot (Sheet Composting) or burying it alongside rows (Trench Composting).

If the bulk of your compostable material comes from the garden, these methods make a lot of sense. But if your first goal with a compost pile is to get rid of your kitchen scraps, then it might not. It all depends how far away the garden is and what will actually work -- especially in the dead of winter.

Outdoor Digesters
Digesters are enclosed or nearly enclosed systems that reduce organic material to mush. Some involve bins perched just above ground but open to some extent at the bottom. Some are partly buried. Most are anaerobic, but one Swiss system (The Green Cone) is aerobic.

Unlike the open-air composting systems described above, digesters can deal with dairy and meat products. Some can break down pet wastes, though instructions always warn that the compost from this process should never be used on a vegetable garden. However, none can handle large quantities of mixed yard waste. A large (drum-sized) anaerobic system can deal with grass clippings and some weeds, but hedge trimmings that would be fine in an open-air pile are too woody for a digester.

Backyard digesters are usually home-made and require only the simplest equipment: a pail, a barrel, or a garbage bag. See Anaerobic Digesters.

By contrast, the Green Cone, the only aerobic digester on the market, is one of the most sophisticated composters available. And it's remarkably simple. See Aerobic Digesters.

Indoor

Indoor systems can be remarkably handy, especially in the winter. Though no indoor method can handle the bulk of material that a pile can absorb, they can all process surprising amounts of kitchen waste in surprisingly short periods of time.

Even better, none of these systems requires much attention or oversight. Worms don't need to be fed regularly (they eat their bedding between feedings) and that bedding doesn't need to be changed more than four times a year, max. Once a Bokashi bin is full, the only attention it needs is to have its high-nutrient leachate drawn off every other day. As for the indoor hot composters, they need no supervision whatsoever save to have their compost trays emptied when full.

Vermicomposting
By far the best known, most popular indoor composting method, vermicomposting takes up little space and produces perhaps the best compost known to man, woman, beast or worm.

Most gardeners know that worms are a sign of healthy soil, in part because their castings (perhaps worms are considered too small to produce manure) contain higher concentrations of nutrients than do other forms of compost which are less likely to wash away because they're encased and imbued with a slightly sticky, water-resisting mucus.

This is an odorless, space-efficient composting method. The bin can fit on or under a table in your basement or even kitchen. The worms do require more regular care than does an outside pile. If you go away for two weeks in summer, a hot pile might cool down. But merely turning it will restore it to all its glory. Worms, on the other hand, will die and you'll need to dispose of the mess and start over again.

This method requires a slight investment; not any old worm will do. But carefully maintained, the bin should last for years.

Bokashi Composting
Like vermicomposting, Bokashi can be done inside in a relatively small container. Bokashi, however, uses a substance -- usually some form of bran or chaff -- inoculated with micro-organisms to decompose organic substances anaerobically. Like all anaerobic composting, it produces a good deal of liquid and a rather smelly but thoroughly decayed soup.

The great advantage of this method is that it can decompose anything including the dairy and animal wastes that are banned from other composting methods.

The method itself is simple: Each day, drop your kitchen waste into the bin and stir it up with enough Bokashi (the inoculated bran) to coat it thoroughly. Cover it with another handful of Bokashi and repeat this process until the bin is full. Seal the bin with a tightly fitting lid and set it aside for about two weeks, ignoring it except to remove the liquid from the bottom of the bin. (The spigot on an official Bokashi Composter makes this very easy.) After ten to fourteen days, the bin's contents can be buried either in the earth or in a compost pile. In another month, it is fully composted.

Micro-Composting: Soda-Bottle Composting
Soda-bottle composting is essentially a teaching tool, not a method for producing compost. The small, inexpensive components -- two soda-bottles per set-up, table scraps and leaves plus other equally easy-to-locate items -- make this a method that can be conducted in any schoolroom.

Since this isn't really a method for producing compost, but more a way to watch the decomposition process, Soda-bottle composting is covered in a separate article.

Indoor Hot Composters
A relatively new development on the composting scene, these machines, small enough to fit in a kitchen cupboard, are designed to deal with kitchen waste. They produce small quantities of very high-quality compost every two weeks or so, depending on how much refuse you put into them. They're discussed in more detail here, where you'll also find a diagram of one model's internal workings and a link to a site with more information.